The global nuclear landscape is witnessing a stark contrast in growth trajectories, particularly between China and the United States. China has accelerated its nuclear energy capabilities, nearly doubling its reactor fleet since 2016 to a total power capacity approaching 60 gigawatts. Most of these new facilities are large-scale pressurized-water reactors that exemplify the country’s commitment to expanding its nuclear infrastructure rapidly.
In contrast, the U.S. has seen only modest advancements in its nuclear sector, with just two reactors being completed at the Vogtle facility in Georgia during the same period. Although there is significant interest in smaller reactors, with several microreactor developers achieving critical milestones, the overall nuclear expansion in the U.S. has been sluggish. The pressing need for sustainable energy sources has led many nations to consider nuclear power as a viable alternative, especially in the context of rising electricity demand and the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
While the U.S. and France have historically been leaders in nuclear power—with France relying heavily on nuclear energy for approximately two-thirds of its electricity—both countries are struggling to add new reactors. The challenges involved in constructing large nuclear projects are substantial, often requiring billions in upfront investment and long timelines to achieve profitability. This has prompted interest in smaller reactors as a potential solution, offering lower initial costs and the possibility of factory assembly, which could streamline production.
Recent developments in the U.S. indicate a renewed focus on small modular reactors (SMRs). The Department of Energy, aiming for three SMRs to reach criticality by July 4, 2026, has already seen California-based Antares achieve a significant milestone with its Mark-0 reactor. However, the journey to commercial power generation remains long, with plans to deploy electricity by 2028. Meanwhile, China is maintaining its momentum by constructing new reactors at an unprecedented rate, with six new projects initiated in 2025 alone. The average timeline for reactor completion in China is notably shorter than that of its Western counterparts, thanks in part to a streamlined project management system and substantial government support.
While larger reactors are advantageous in terms of electricity output and cost efficiency, China is not neglecting the potential of smaller reactors. The forthcoming operational small modular reactor, Linglong-1, is set to mark a significant milestone. As China continues its ambitious expansion, it remains to be seen whether the U.S. can leverage smaller reactors to revitalize its nuclear industry and keep pace with China’s rapid advancements. The race for nuclear energy supremacy continues, with larger projects currently holding the edge in meeting global energy demands.
Source: Why China is betting on big nuclear reactors via MIT Technology Review